Publications

Project outputs

SK-2SO is ongoing doctoral research (Design Science Research). The first publication outputs — the annotation schema with an inter-annotator agreement report, and an evaluation of an LLM classifier against the human gold standard — are in preparation. This section is updated continuously.

Canonical literature of the taxonomy

Every layer of the annotation schema rests on a citable academic anchor — no ad-hoc categories.

  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking. Council of Europe.

    L1 — typology of information disorders (dis-/mis-/malinformation) and content types.

  • Card, D., Boydstun, A. E., Gross, J. H., Resnik, P., & Smith, N. A. (2015). The Media Frames Corpus: Annotations of frames across issues. ACL-IJCNLP.

    L2 — the 14 media frames.

  • EUvsDisinfo (European External Action Service). Database and analyses of FIMI narratives.

    L2 — six macro-narratives; item cross-references.

  • Piskorski, J., Stefanovitch, N., Da San Martino, G., & Nakov, P. (2023). SemEval-2023 Task 3: Detecting the category, the framing, and the persuasion techniques in online news in a multi-lingual setup. SemEval-2023.

    L3 — 23 persuasion techniques in 6 classes (multi-label).

  • European Commission, Joint Research Centre (2023). News Categorization, Framing and Persuasion Techniques: Annotation Guidelines (JRC132862). Ispra: Publications Office of the European Union.

    L3 — the binding definitions of the 23 techniques and 6 classes; decision rules for annotation.

  • Da San Martino, G., Yu, S., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Petrov, R., & Nakov, P. (2019). Fine-grained analysis of propaganda in news articles. EMNLP-IJCNLP.

    L3 — foundational corpus of propaganda techniques.

  • DISARM Foundation. DISARM Framework — Disinformation Analysis and Risk Management.

    L4/L5 — TTP taxonomy of actors and campaigns (T-codes).

  • Nimmo, B. (2015). Anatomy of an Info-War: How Russia's propaganda machine works, and how to counter it. Central European Policy Institute (CEPI).

    L5 — the 4D effect model: dismiss, distort, distract, dismay.

  • Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). SAGE.

    Inter-annotator agreement (α) — the methodological foundation of the gold standard.